2016职称英语资料

补全短文五：

Common Questions About Dreams

Does everyone dream

Yes. Research shows that we all dream. We have our most vivid dreams during a type of sleep called Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. During REM sleep, the brain is very active. The eyes move quickly back and forth' under the lids, and the large muscles of the body are relaxed. REM sleep occurs every 90-100 minutes, three to four times a night, and it lasts longer as the night goes on. The final REM period may last as long as 45 minutes. We ream at other times during the night, too, but those dreams are less vivid Do people remember their dreams？

A few people remember their dreams. However, most people forget nearly everything that happened during the night-dream, thoughts, and the short periods of time when they were awake. Sometimes, though, people suddenly remember a dream laterin theday or on another day. It seems that the memory of the dream is not totally lost, but for some reason it J is very hard to bring it back. If you want to remember your dream, the best thing to do is to write it down as soon as you wake up

Are dreams in color?

Most dreams are in color. However, people may not be aware of it for two reasons: They don't usually remember the details of their dreams, or they don't notice the color because it is such a natural part of our lives. People who are very aware of color when they are awake probably notice color more often in their dreams.

Do dreams have meaning？

Scientists continue to debate this issued, However, people who spend time thinking about their dreams believe that they are meaningful and useful. Some people use dreams to help them learn more about their feelings thoughts, behavior, motives, and values. Others find that dreams can help them solve problems. It's also true that artists, writers, and scientists often get creative ideas from dreams.

How can I learn to understand my dreams？

The most important thing to remember is that your dreams are personal. The people actions, and situations in your dream reflect your experience, your thoughts, and your feelings. Some dream experts believe that there are certain types of drams that many people have, even if they come from different cultures or time periods. Usually, however, the same dream will have different meanings for different people. For example, an elephant in a dream may mean one thing to a zookeeper and something very different to a child whose favorite toy is a stuffed elephant. To learn to understand your dreams, think about what each part of the dream means to you or reminds you of. Then look for links between your dreams and what is happening in your daily life. If you think hard and you are patient, perhaps the meaning of your dreams will become clearer to you。

补全短文六：

Why Do People Shrink?

Did you ever see the movie Honey, I Shrunk the Kids? It's about a wacky dad (who's also a scientist) who accidentally shrinks his Kids with his homemade miniaturizing invention. Oops!The kids spend the rest of the movie as tiny people who are barely visible while trying to get back to their normal size.

For older people, shrinking isn't that dramatic or sudden at all. It takes place over years and may add up to only an inch or so off of their adult height (maybe a little more, maybe less). And this Kind of shrinking can't be magically reversed, although there are things that can be done to stop It or slow It down. But why does shrinking happen at all?

There are a few reasons. As people get older, they generally lose some muscle and fat from their bodies as part of the natural aging process. Gravity (the force that keeps your feet on the ground) takes hold, and the bones in the spine, called vertebrae, may break down or degenerate, and start to collapse into one another, They end up pressing closer together, which makes a person lose a little height and become shorter. But perhaps the most common reason why some older people shrink is because of osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis occurs when too much spongy bone tissue (which is found inside of most bones) is broken down and not enough new bone material is made. Over time, bone is said to be lost because it’s not being replaced. Bones become smaller and weaker and can easily break if someone with osteoporosis is injured. Older people-especially women, who generally have smaller and lighter bones to begin with. -are more likely to develop osteoporosis. As years go by, a person with osteoporosis shrinks a little bit.

Did you know that every day you do a shrinking act, too? You aren't as tall at the end of the day as you are at the beginning. That's because as the day goes on, water in the disks of the spine gets compressed (squeezed) due to gravity, making you just a tiny bit shorter. Don't worry, though. Once you get a good night’s rest, your body recovers, and the next morning, you’re standing tall again!

补全短文七：

The Apgar Test

The baby was born at 3:36 p.m. At 3:37, she scored 4 out of 10 on her first test. At 3:41, she scored 8 out of 10. The doctor was glad.

Another baby, born at 8:24 p.m. scored 3 out of 10 on his first test. He scored 4 out of 10 on his second test. He took another test at 8:34 and scored 5. The doctor was worried. He called for help.

These new born babies took a test called the Apgar test. This test helps doctors diagnose problems. They decide if a baby is normal or needs special care. Most babies take two tests. The first is at 1 minute after birth, and the second is at 5 minutes after birth. If a baby’s score at 5 minutes is less than 6, the baby takes another test at 10 minutes after birth.

The Apgar test is not an intelligence test. It’s a test that shows a baby’s health right after it is born. The Apgar test measures things such as a baby’s color, heart rate, and breathing. The test has five parts, and the score for each part can be 0, 1, or 2. Doctors add the scores together for the total Apgar score.

A doctors named Virginia Apgar developed the test. Apgar went to medical school at Columbia University in New York City in 1929. She faced many challenges because she was the first woman in the program. However, she was one of the best students in her class. After medical school, she started treating patients.

Apgar also became a researcher in anesthesiology, a new topic in medicine at the time. During her studies, she learned how to give patients anesthesia. Anesthesia is a procedure that makes patients lose consciousness, so they do not feel any pain during

surgery.

In the 1940s , many women started to have anesthesia when they gave birth. Apgar had a question: How does anesthesia affect new born babies? In 1949, when Apgar was a prof essor at Columbia’s medical school, she created her simple test. She wrote a paper about her methods in 1953. Soon after, people started using the Apgar test around the world.

In her work, Apgar saw that many newborns had problems. She wanted to help these babies survive. She stopped practicing medicine in 1959, and she went back to school to get a master’s degree in public health. She spent the rest of her life doing research and raising money to help newborn babies.

Today, the Apgar test is still used al l over the world. Newborn babies don’t k now it, but Virginia Apgar is a very important person in the first few minutes of their live.

补全短文八：

Research Shows Walking Can Lift Depression

New research by German scientists shows that author Charles Dickens was onto a good thing when he took long, brisk walks to relieve periodic bouts of depression. The author of Oliver Twist and David Copperfield would walk for hours in the 1860S as an antidote to intense feelings of sadness which alternated with restless euphoria. This is also the advice that experts from the Free University in Berlin are giving today.

Aerobic exercise like rapid waking can be more effective at lifting depression than drugs, reported he scientists led by Dr. Fernando Dimeo. They studied 12 people with severe depression that had lasted an average of nine months. The team found that in 10

of these patients drugs had failed to bring any substantial improvement. The team devised an exercise regime for the group that involved walking on a treadmill for 30 minutes every day. According to the regime, intense activity lasting three minutes was alternated with walking at half speed for three minutes. The intensity of the training programme was stepped up as the heart rate adapted A measurement of The depression seventy was taken at the start and the end of the programme, and patients were asked to rate their own mood regularly over a 10-day period The researches In Berlin found that after 10 days of the course six patients felt "substantially less depressed", The number included five who had not found any relief using drug treatment. Two were slightly less depressed, while four others remained unchanged Depression levels overall fell by a third and on the self-assessed scores by 25 per cent, said the researchers whose findings appeared in the British Journal of Sports Medicine.

The study was small but the extent of the improvement was said by scientists to be impressive. The outcome indicated a clinical benefit which could not be obtained with pharmacological treatment currently available, they said.

Nineteenth century doctors would have called Dickens's condition melancholia since the Psychological condition of depression was unknown. Dickens biographer Peter Ackroyd says the author's son Charles remembers his father's "heavy moods of deep depression" and many times of “intense nervous irritability", something modem psychologists would certainly recognize.

补全短文九：

Ice Cream Tester Has Sweet Job

John Harrison has what must be the most wanted job in the United States. He's the official taster for Edy's Grand Ice Cream, one of the nation's best-selling brands. Harrison's taste buds are insured for $1million. He gets to sample 60 ice creams a day at Edy’s headquarters in Oakland, California. And when he isn't doing that, he travels, buying Edy's in supermarkets all over the country so that he can check for perfect appearance, texture, and flavor.

After I interviewed Harrison, I realized that the life of an ice cream taster isn't all Cookies ‘ n’ Cream-a flavor that he invented, by the way. No, it's extremely hard work, which requires discipline and selflessness.

For one thing, he doesn't swallow on the job. Like a coffee taster, Harrison spits. Using a gold spoon to avoid " off " flavors, he takes a small bite and moves It around in his mouth to introduce it to all 9,000 or so taste buds. Next he smack-smack-smacks his lips to get some air into the sample. Then he breathes in gently to bring the aroma p through the back of his nose. Each step helps Harrison evaluate whether the ice cream has a good balance of dairy, sweetness, and added ingredients-the three-flavor components of ice cream Then, even if the ice cream tastes heavenly, he puts It into a trash can A full stomach makes it, impossible to judge the quality of the flavors.

During the workweek, Harrison told me that he has to make other sacrifices, too: no onions, garlic, or spicy food, and no caffeine. Caffeine will block the taste buds, he says, so his breakfast a cup of herbal tea. This is a small price to pay for what he calls the world’s best job.

Harrison's family has been in the ice cream business in one way or another for four

generations, so Harrison has spent his entire life with it, However, he has never lost his love if cold, creamy sweetness. He even orders ice cream in restaurants for dessert. On these occasions, he does swallow, and he eats about a quart (0. 95 liters) each week. By comparison, the average person in the United States eats 23.2 quarts (21. 96 liters) of ice cream and other frozen dairy products each year.

Edy's ice cream is available in dozens of flavors. So what flavor does the best-trained ice cream taster in the country prefer? Vanilla! In fact, vanilla is the best-selling variety in the United States. However, you should never call it plain vanilla. " It's a very complex flavor," Harrison says.

补全短文十：

How Deafness Makes It Easier to Hear

Most people think of Beethoven's hearing loss as an obstacle to composing music. However, he produced his most powerful works in the last decade of his life when he was completely deaf.

This is one of the most glorious cases of the triumph of will over adversity, but his biographer, Maynard Solomon, takes a different view. Solomon argues that Beethoven’s deafness “heightened” his achievement as a composer. In His deaf world Beethoven could experiment, fee from the sounds of the outside world, free to create new forms and harmonies.

Hearing loss does not seem to affect the musical ability of musicians who become deaf. They continue to " hear" music with as much, or greater, accuracy than if they were actually hearing it being played.

Michael Eagar, who died in 2003, became deaf at the age of 21. He described a fascinating phenomenon that happened within three months:“my former musical experiences began to play back to me. I couldn't differentiate between what I heard and real hearing. After many years, it is still rewarding to listen to these playbacks, to ' hear’music which is new to me and to find many quiet accompaniments for al l of my moods. ”

How is it that the world we see, touch, hear, and smell is both " out there" and at the same time within us？There is no better example of this connection between external stimulus and internal perception than the cochlear implants, No man-made device could replace the ability to hear. However, it might be possible to use the brain's remarkable power to make sense of the electrical signals the implant produces.

When Michael Edgar first" switched on" his cochlear implant, the sounds he heard were not at all clear. Gradually, with much hard work, he began to identify everyday sounds. For example, 'The insistent ringing of the telephone became clear almost at once."

The primary purpose of the implant is to allow communication with others. When people spoke to Eagar, he heard their voices " coming through like a long-distance telephone call on a poor connection”, But when it came to his beloved music, the implant was of no help. When e wanted to appreciate music, Eagar played the piano. He said, "I play the piano as I used to and hear it in my head at the same time. The movement of my fingers and the feel of the keys give added ' clarity' to hearing in my head.

Cochlear implants allow the deaf to hear again in a way that Is not perfect, but winch can change their lives Still, as Michael Eagar discovered, when it comes to musical

harmonies, hearing is irrelevant. Even the most amazing cochlea implants would have been useless to Beethoven as he composed his Ninth Symphony at the end of his life.

完形填空七：

Exercise

Whether or not exercise adds to the length of life, it is common experience that a certain amount of regular exercise improves the health and contributes a feeling of well-being. Furthermore, exercise which involves play and recreation, and relieves nervous tension and mental fatigue in so doing, is not only pleasant but beneficial.

How much and what Kind of exercise one should take merits careful consideration. The growing child and the normal young man and young woman thrill with the exhilaration of strenuous sports. They fatigue to the point of exhaustion but recover promptly with a period of rest. But not so with those of middle age and beyond. For them moderation is of vital importance. Just how much exercise a person of a given age can safely take is a question hard to answer. Individual variability is too great to permit of generalization. A game of tennis may be perfectly safe for one parson of forty but folly for another. The safe limit for exercise depends on the condition of the heart, the condition of the muscles, the type of exercise, and the regularity with which it is taken. Two general suggestions, however, will serve as sound advice for anyone. The first is that the condition of the her and general health should be determined periodically by careful, thorough physical examinations. The other is that exercise should be kept below the point of physical exhaustion.

What type of exercise one should choose depends upon one's physical condition.

Young people can safely enjoy vigorous competitive sports, but most older persons do better to limit themselves to less strenuous activities, Walking, swimming, skating re among the sports that one can enjoy and safely participate in throughout life. Regularity Is important if one is to get the most enjoyment and benefit out of exercise.

完形填空八：

Old And Active

It Is well-known that life expectancy is longer in Japan than in most other countries.

A recent report also shows that Japan has the longest health expectancy in the world. A healthy long life Is the result of the improvement in social environment.

Scientists are trying to work out exactly what Keeps elderly Japanese people so healthy, and whether there is a lesson to be, learnt from their lifestyles for the rest of us. Should we make any changes to our eating habits, for instance, or go Jogging each day before breakfast? Is there some secret ingredient in the Japanese diet that Is particularly beneficial to the human body?

Another factor contributing to the rapid population aging in Japan is a decline in birthrate. Although longer life should be celebrated, it is actually considered a social problem. The number of older people had doubled in the last half century and that has increased pension and medical costs. The country could soon be facing an economic problem, if there are so many old people to be looked after, and relatively few younger people working and paying taxes to support them.

Raising the retirement age from 65 to 70 could be one solution to the problem Work can give the elderly a sense of responsibility and mission in life. It's important that the

elderly play active roles in the society and live in harmony with all generations.

完形填空九：

The Case of the Disappearing Fingerprints

One useful anti-cancer drug can effectively erase the whorls and other characteristic marks that give people their distinctive fingerprints. Losing them could become troublesome. A case released online in a letter by Annals of Oncology indicates how big a problem of losing fingerprints is.

Eng-Huat Tan, a Singapore-based medical doctor describes a 62-year old man who has used capecitabine to treat his nasopharyngeal cancer. After three years on the drug the patient decided to visit U.S. relatives last December. But he was stopped by U.S. customs for 4 hours after entering the country when those officials couldn't get fingerprints from the man There were no distinctive swirly marks appearing from his index finger.

U.S. customs has been fingerprinting incoming foreign visitors for years, Tan says. Their index fingers are printed and screened against digital files of the fingerprints of bad guys-terrorists and potential criminals that our federal guardians have been tasked with Keeping out of the country, Unfortunately, for the Singaporean travelers, one potential side effect of his drug treatment is a smoothing of the tissue on the finger pads Hence. no fingerprints.

“It is uncertain when fingerprint loss will begin to take place in patients who are taking capecitabine,” Tan points out So he cautions any physicians who prescribe the drug to provide their patents with a doctor's note painting out that their medicine may cause fingerprints to disappear.

Eventually, the Singapore traveler made it into the United States passport didn't raise any red flags. But he's also now got the explanatory doctor's note-and won’t leave home without it.

By the way, maybe the Food and Drug Administration, which approved use of the drug 11 years ago, should consider updating its list of side effects associated with this medicine. The current list does note" that patients may experience vomiting, stomach pain and some other side effects. But no where does it mention the potential for loss of fingerprints.

完形填空十：

medical school Hospital Mistreatment

According to a study, most medical interns report experiencing mistreatment, including humiliation by senior doctors, being threatened, or physical abuse in their first year out of medical school.

The findings come from analysis of the responses to a 13-page survey mailed in January 1991 to 1733 second-year residents. The survey and analysis appear in the April 15th issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association.

Overall, out of the 1, 277 residents who completed surveys, 1,185 said that they had experienced at least one incident of mistreatment in their intern year. In addition to reporting incidents where they were abused, more than 45% of the residents said they had witnessed at least one incident where other persons had made false medical records. Moreover, nearly three quarters of the residents said they had witnessed mistreatment of patients by other residents, attending physicians, or nurses Almost 40% said patient

mistreatment was a frequent event.

More than 10% of the residents said they were not allowed to have enough sleep, and the average number of hours without sleep was 37.6. The average on-call time during a typical week was 56.9 hours, but about 25% of the residents said their on-call assignments were more than 80 hours some weeks.

Although 30% of the residents said they experienced some type of sexual harassment or discrimination, verbal abuse was the most common problem cited. When abusive incidents were limited to events occurring three or more times, 53% of the respondents reported that they were belittled or humiliated by more senior residents, while just over 21% reported someone taking credit their work. being “given tasks for punishment,” ”begin pushed, kicked or hit " and having someone " threatening your reputation or career, " were reported as a more frequent occurrence by over 10% of the responding residents.

阅读理解十七：

Eating Potatoes Gives Your Immune System a Boost

Eating potatoes is not only good for bowel health, but also for the whole immune system, especially when they come in the form of a potato salad or eaten cold. In a study on an animal model, researchers in Spain found that pigs fed large quantities of raw potato starch (RPS) not only had a healthier bowel, but also decreased levels of white blood cells, such as leucocytes and lymphocytes in their blood. White blood cells are produced as a result of inflammation or disease, generally when the body is challenged.

The general down-regulation of leucocytes observed by the Spanish researchers

suggests an overall beneficial effect, a generally more healthy body. The reduction in leucocyte levels was about 15 percent. Lower lymphocyte levels are also indicative of reduced levels of inflammation, but the observed reduction in both lymphocyte density and lymphocyte apoptosis is surprising.

In what was the longest study of its Kind, pigs were fed RPS over 14 weeks to find out the effect of starch on bowel heath. " The use of raw potato starch in this experiment is designed to simulate he effects of a diet high in resistant starch," said study leader Jose Francisco Perez at the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain.

Humans do not eat raw potatoes, but they do eat a lot of foods that contain resistant starch. such as cold boiled potatoes, legumes, rains, green bananas pasta and cereals. About 10 percent of the starch eaten by human is resistant starch-starch that is not digested in the small intestine and so is shunted into the large intestine where it ferments. Starch consumption is thought to reduce the risk of large bowel cancer and may also have an effect on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

Immunology expert Lena Ohman's team Previously found that the overall lymphocyte levels do not vary for IBS Patients, but that lymphocytes re transferred from the peripheral blood to the gut, which support the hypothesis of IBS being at least partially an inflammatory disorder. She says the decrease in lymphocytes observed by the Spanish is therefore interesting, and a diet of resistant starch may be worth trying in IBS patients. Ohman is currently at the Department of Internal of resistant Medicine, Goteborg University, Sweden, The study is published in the journal Chemistry and Industry, the magazine of the SCT.

阅读理解十八：

Exercise Can Replace Insulin for Elderly Diabetics

Most older people with so-called type 11 diabetes could stop taking insulin if they would do brisk exercise for 30 minutes just three times a week, according to new medical research results reported in the Copenhagen newspaper Berlingske Tidende on Monday.

Results from tests conducted on diabetics at the Copenhagen Central Hospital Rigshospitalet's Center for Muscle Research showed that physical exercise can boost the body's ability to utilise insulin by 30 percent, the newspaper reported.

This is equal to the effect most elderly diabetics get from their insulin medication today, it said.

Researchers had a group of non-diabetic men and a group of men with type II, all more than 60 years of age, exercise on bicycles six times a week for three months. After the three months thee doctors measured how much sugar the test subjects' muscles could utilise as a measure for how well their insulin worked.

Associate Professor Dr. Flemming Dela of the Muscle Research Center said the tests demonstrated that the exercising diabetics had just as high insulin utilisation as the heathy non-exercising persons.

"This means that the insulin works just as well for both groups. Physical exercise cannot cure people of diabetes, but it can eliminate almost all their symptoms. At the same time it can put off the point at which they have to begin taking insulin or perhaps completely avoid insulin treatment, " Dela was quoted as saying.

Insulin isa hormone produced by the pancreas, controlling sugar in the body and used against diabetes.

Dela said that to achieve the desired effect diabetics need only exercise to the point where they begin to work up a sweat, but that the activity has to be maintained since it wears off after five days without sufficient exercise.

Most diabetics realise that they have to watch their diet while remaining unaware of the importance of exercise, Dela added.

阅读理解十九：

Prolonging Human Life

Prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time. In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion.

Prolonging human life has also increased the dependency load In all societies, people who are disabled or too young or too old to work are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them. In hunting and gathering cultures, old people who could not Keep up might be left behind to die. In times of famine, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. In most contemporary societies, people feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not. We have a great many people today who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work, we also

have rules which require people to retire at a certain age. Unless these people were able to save money for their retirement, somebody else must support them In the United States many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. Older people have more illnesses than young or middle-aged people ; unless they have wealth or private or government insurance, they must often " go on welfare" if they have a serious illness.

When older people become senile or too weak and ill to care for themselves, they create grave problems for their families In the past and in some traditional cultures, they would be cared for at home until they died. Today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person To meet this need, a great many nursing homes and convalescent hospitals have been built. These are often profit-making organizations, although some are sponsored by religious and other nonprofit groups. While a few of these institutions are good, most of them are simply " dumping grounds" for the dying in which “care” is given by poorly paid,overworked,and underskilled personnel.

阅读理解二十：

FDA: Human, Animal Waste Threatens Produce

The biggest food safety risk for fresh fruits and vegetables as they are grown, picked or processed comes from human and animal waste, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) said Friday.

More than 9,000 Americans die each year from food-borne diseases and some scientists believe fresh produce is the biggest carrier of contamination.

The FDA issued a set of draft guidelines for US and foreign growers to carefully monitor worker hygiene, water quality, manure management and transportation.

This 34-page draft guidelines urged growers to give workers lessons on basic hygiene such as Using soap to wash their hands, covering wounds that could come into contact with produce, and using only clean toilets.

The FDA guidelines identified “the major source of contamination" for fresh produce as human or animal feces.

“We think just proper controls and proper attention to detail would make a big difference in food safety, " said an FDA official. “It is our belief that these guidelines would not be very costly. "

But grower groups disagreed with the FDA's assessment. Most food-borne disease outbreaks that happen further down the distribution line are due to contamination because people preparing food are not properly washing their hands, " said Stacey Zawal, an official with United Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Association. "That is not necessarily true for growers and packer. "

Some US grower organizations have expressed concern that the agency is interfering with on-farm practices. Others object to the FDA's proposal to have growers formally document thee picking, handling and transportation of produce s that health officials could quickly recall foods if necessary.

Consumer groups criticized the FDA guidelines as of little use because they will not carry the force of law. But stricter regulations could evolve as researchers find new technology or methods to Kill harmful bacteria or parasites, the FDA said.

The FDA recommendations are due to be made final by the FDA later this year for use by US and foreign growers. The matter of encouraging foreign growers to adopt the guidelines remains somewhat tricky but FDA officials say it is vital because of the huge amount of imported produce.

阅读理解二十一：

Early or Later Day Care

The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment" period from birth to three may scar a child's personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life. Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby's work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.

Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone-far from it, Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it. Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would be certain to be complicated and controversial. Thirdly, in the last decade there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children's development. But tests that have had to be used to measure this development