二轮复习 书面表达新创 层级4 第3讲 概要写作 学案

第3讲概要写作[概要写作微技能]

[同义替换小结]

◎名词的替换

1．目标：target→goal

2．难题：problem→issue

3．影响：influence→impact

4．机会：chance→opportunity

5．困难：difficulty→obstacle

6．老人：old people→the aged，the elderly 7．名声：fame→reputation

8．优势：advantage→strength

9．缺陷：disadvantage→drawback，weakness 10．发展：development→advance，progress 11．方法：method→approach

12．财产：wealth→fortune，property

◎动词的替换

1．得到：get→acquire，obtain

2．减少：reduce→decrease，lessen，cut

3．改进：improve→promote，enhance

4．帮助：help→assist，aid

5．拥有：have→possess，own

6．同意：agree→approve

7．感谢：thank→appreciate

8．表达：express→convey

9．解决：solve→cope with，deal with

10．激励，激发：encourage→motivate，fuel

11．保持：keep→preserve，reserve，maintain

12．给予：give→offer，provide，supply，afford

13．培养：develop→cultivate，foster

14．宣称：declare→claim

15．保护：protect→conserve，preserve

16．确保：ensure→assure，guarantee

17．展示：show→reveal，illustrate，demonstrate，present

18．相似：look like→resemble

19．改变：change→transform，alter

20．禁止：forbid→ban，prohibit

◎形容词的替换

1．悲伤的：sad→depressed，frustrated

2．富有的：rich→wealthy，well-off

3．贫穷的：poor→needy，in poverty

4．好的：good→rosy，outstanding，remarkable

5．坏的：bad→wicked，awful，dreadful

6．聪明的：clever→smart，gifted，sharp-minded

7．困难的：difficult→tough，challenging，stressful，demanding 8．巨大的：big→enormous，vast，massive

9．有害的：harmful→damaging，ruinous，destructive

10．许多：many→a sea of，abundant，numerous，considerable

11．美丽的：beautiful→eye-catching，good-shaped，appealing，charming，fascinating

12．害怕的：afraid→frightened，scared，panic-stricken

13．快速的：fast→speedy

14．乏味的：boring→dull，tiresome

15．怀疑的：doubtful→sceptical，suspicious

16．疲劳的：tired→exhausted，worn out

17．新的：new→fresh，brand-new

18．最初的：original→initial

19．常见的：common→not uncommon

20．生气的：angry→annoyed，irritated

21．严重的：serious→severe

22．传统的：traditional→conventional

23．显然的：clear→obvious，apparent，evident

24．勇敢的：brave→fearless，courageous，bold

25．出名的：famous→notable，noticeable

26．合理的：reasonable→sensible，sound

27．精确的：exact→precise

28．充足的：enough→abundant，ample，plentiful

29．基本的：basic→fundamental

30．重要的：important→significant，essential，vital，critical

◎副词的替换

1．经常：often→frequently，constantly

2．不常：seldom→rarely

3．仅仅：only→merely

4．每天：every day→day in and day out

5．起初：firstly→originally，initially

6．完全地：completely→totally，absolutely

7．立刻：immediately→shortly，right now，right away

8．大约：about→around，roughly，approximately

9．最后：finally→eventually，ultimately

10．肯定地：certainly→definitely，undoubtedly，apparently

11．事实上：in fact→as a matter of fact，practically，in effect，12．非常：very→extremely，intensely，overwhelmingly，unbelievably，

more than

[说明文的概要写作模板]

1．描写某事物的性质功能。即“事物＋性质功能＋利弊”。

In the passage the writer introduces...to us, especially its ...(性质或功能), from which we know ...(事物带来的利弊)。

2．针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施。即“问题＋解决方法”。

The passage lists/indicates ...(问题) and brings forth several measures/solutions to solve the problem，which includes ...(方法1), ...(方法2) and ...(方法3)。

3．介绍某现象及其原因、结果。即“现象＋原因＋结果”

The author talks about ... It is caused by ... As a result/Consequently, ...

或：The author/writer states/presents the phenomenon of ..., because/but ...(原因1/本质1), and ...(原因2/本质2)。

[说明文佳作背诵]

(2018·浙江11月)阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要It's a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus(校园) like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the students. It seems a little crazy once senior years hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one.

There is no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that won't be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearly, go check it out.

If campus visits aren't going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you'd like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you don't like about certain campuses, things that you wouldn't know unless you actually visit.

Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive. It's a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college couselors(顾问), and it won't cost you a penny! You can register for it online college fair at collegeweeklive. com. While visiting an online college fair can't take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities you'd like to attend.

_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ [参考范文]

It's a wise choice for you to pay a personal visit to the college you are applying to, especially the ones that are close to you.(要点1) In order to avoid being regretful, you should at least visit the college you decided to attend.(要点2) If all the above is not affordable, it will be helpful to search the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive where you can get the necessary information.(要点3)

[议论文的概要写作模板]

1．首先要找出主题句(the topic sentences)、支撑句(supporting sentences)和结论句(conclusion sentences)，其中最主要的是找准主题句。

2．概要模板：论点＋论据(＋结论)。有些文章没有结论句。

[议论文佳作背诵]

(2019·浙江6月卷)阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says, “We've gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.” By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think they're building their children's confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite. Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way that's insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents' praise has put them.

Still, don't go too far in the other direction. Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much. Kids will feel like they're not good enough or that you don't care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.

So what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward. “We should especially recognize our children's efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal，” says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters. “One thing to remember is that it's the process not the end product that matters.”

Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. But if he's out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard

to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate(相称的 )to the amount of effort your child has put into it. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ [参考范文]

It's no easy job to educate children. Parents are wrong from strict discipline in the past to excessive praise today. (要点1) Considerable praise helps to encourage children to make progress, but don't go from one extreme to the other. (要点2) High-quality praise should focus on children's efforts, rather than on results. (要点3) The principle for dealing with praise is to consider the link between praise and effort.(要点4)

[语篇演练]

A(说明文)

阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

In 1971，China's first subway line in Beijing was formally put into operation.By December 2017，there were 171 subway lines stretching over 5，083 km in 35 cities on the Chinese mainland.Currently，China has the longest urban railway network in the world，which is predicted to surpass 6，000 km by 2020.

The rapid development of China's urban railway system reflects the country's growing economic strength.The system has experienced the fastest growth over the past 15 years due to the investment of wealth

accumulated from the reform and opening up in urban infrastructure construction.An urban railway system is expensive to build，with one kilometer of subway costing approximately 700 million yuan($110 million)．A city without economic strength cannot develop such an expensive system.

The progress in urban railway construction technologies has also to the fast expansion of the infrastructure.Subway construction involves building underground tunnels，laying rails，manufacturing trains and the operation and management of subways.It is a systematic project which not only covers traditional infrastructure building but also modern electronics and information technology.China's railway construction technologies are the best in the world，with Chinese subway trains now exported to developed countries including the United States.

The expansion of Chinese cities has made it necessary to develop urban railway systems.Since the start of the reform and opening up，a large number of people have migrated to cities and the number of private cars has increased dramatically，resulting in serious traffic congestion.Building subways has become an important way to solve this problem.

This year marks the 40th anniversary of the launch of China's reform and opening up，and the rapid development of China's urban railway system exemplifies the achievements made by the policy.As China furthers its opening up，it will continue to maintain steady and rapid economic growth and railway systems will be available in more and more cities.

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_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 【参考范文】

The past few decades has witnessed the fast development of Chinese urban railways both in number and length，which is a reflection of China's prosperous economy.(要点1)Actually，not only the growing construction technologies but also the expansion of Chinese cities with booming population and heavy traffic，stimulates the urban railway conctruction.(要点2)With the deepening of the reform and opening up policy，more urban railways will come into use.(要点3)

B(议论文)

阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Having good manners means practice of behaving

decently(得体地) and having a feeling to act like a

decent man.First，we must understand the meaning of “manners”．Manner is the way of doing something，the

way to perform some action，and the way to behave in specific conditions.Good manners are thus the proper and decent ways to perform some action or to behave well in specific conditions.Having good manners and behaving well are important in our routine life.Good manners and good behavior make a man valuable and respectable.

Good manners are not only to talk politely.The whole meaning of good manners counts many things.The way to eat and drink，the behavior while travelling，the way of sitting in front of elders，the accent of talking to young ones，the performance during lectures，the way of sitting in a meeting，the behavior during some gatherings，and many more.A person having a sense of behaving well is a well-mannered person，and has a respectable place in society.

The civilized societies only accept those who have good manners and

civilized acts.Actually the well-civilized society comes into existence only due to the civilized people，and when a society is civilized，it means it is more successful than others.In the development of a country，civilization and good manners play a very important role.So，if a person does not behave well and lacks good manners，he is not only disrespectful to his society and home but he is also a shame for the whole country.When we visit another country，we are representing our whole nation in that country，and when we don't have good manners，then our whole nation is thought to be uncivilized.

Thus，if you wish to be respected，then behave like a civilized and well-mannered person.

_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 【参考范文】

Having good manners and behaving well mean a lot and are important in our daily life.(主题句)Having good manners means talking politely and many other things.(论据1)Besides，good manners and good behavior let others respect and value us.(论据2)What's more，those who have good manners and civilized acts can be accepted by the civilized society.(论据3)So if you want to be respected，you should have good manners.(结论)